The cause of infectious cystitis is the action of pathogenic microorganisms, and the life activities of pathogenic microorganisms lead to the inflammatory process.Pathogens can come from outside, or they can be conditional: they are in an inactive stage in the genitourinary system and are activated under the influence of adverse factors and reduced immune defenses.
The disease has gender characteristics: Due to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the genitourinary system, cystitis is more likely to occur in women aged 25 to 40 years.However, cystitis can also occur in adults and children of any age.
The symptoms of inflammation of the bladder mucosa are difficult to ignore: the first symptoms are usually lower abdominal pain, burning, itching, frequent urinary urgency and pain during urination.Body temperature may also increase: Cystitis may occur with any sign of systemic inflammation.
The trigger for the development of the disease is usually hypothermia, followed by a decrease in the body's defenses.Changes in sexual activity and other causes that disrupt the normal vaginal microbiome may also trigger cystitis.
Cystitis in women: treatment
The difficulty in treatment is that cystitis is usually not considered a serious disease, and its complications can disrupt the function of the genitourinary system.Prescribing antimicrobials is the only treatment that directly affects the cause of inflammation.In this case, self-medication is unacceptable: the risk of taking ineffective drugs is high, as a result, acute inflammation turns into chronic inflammation, worsening or complications suddenly appear.It should be remembered that complications of cystitis in women and men can lead to pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, sphincter dysfunction and persistent uncontrolled urination.
The treatment of cystitis should comprehensively consider: clinical manifestations, examination results, medical history, drug reactions and other characteristics.However, the basis of treatment options for women and men has always been natural or synthetic antimicrobials.
Antibacterial drugs to treat cystitis
The effect of drugs against microorganisms is to selectively inhibit or terminate their important functions.Depending on the nature of the pathogen, antibacterial, antifungal (antifungal) and antiprotozoal drugs are prescribed.Cystitis of viral origin is rare.This situation quickly becomes complicated if a bacterial infection is added to the mix, so the disease will require antibiotics anyway.
A group of drugs that are effective in treating inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system are called "uroseptics".Antimicrobials, synthetic antimicrobials, and urinary tract infection antibiotics are excreted through the kidneys.This produces effective therapeutic concentrations of the drug at the site of inflammation during cystitis.
Classification of urinary tract sepsis
Highlights:
- Herbal medicines used to treat cystitis.
- Natural antibiotics (penicillins, first and third generation cephalosporins, tetracyclines, glycopeptides).
- Synthetic drugs with antibacterial activity (quinolone derivatives, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, 9-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, nitrofuran derivatives).
- Other antibiotics (trimethoprim), combined antibacterial drugs.
- Antifungal drugs.
phytourosepticemia
Thyme + Lovage roots + Rosemary leaves - this is a pharmaceutical composition from the group of phytotherapeutics, which has proven its clinical effectiveness in practice.Universal remedies based on rosemary, thyme and lovage are available in two forms: alcoholic drops and capsules.The combination of herbal ingredients has anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antiseptic properties.For pregnant women, it is better to use tablets.
Another popular herbal pill for cystitis is a tablet containing:
- Purified Mumei powder,
- Holy flower extract
- Saxifrage stem extract,
- Rubia stem extract,
- Sati membrane rhizome extract,
- Rice straw flower seed extract,
- Extract of the aerial parts of Onosma bracts,
- Vernonia whole plant extract,
- Calcium silicate powder.
This medicine has antibacterial, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic effects on cystitis.
antibiotic
Before the era of antibiotic resistance, a group of naturally occurring antibiotics were widely used.Due to the enormous resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial agents, there is a need to find new synthetic analogues of antibiotics with an expanded spectrum of activity and a low risk of developing resistance.
However, some cases of cystitis require a prescription of a drug from the group of natural antibacterial agents.Uses the latest generation of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are effective against most typical cystitis pathogens.Before determining the exact name of the microbial agent that is the causative agent of inflammatory diseases of the bladder, it is particularly important to prescribe drugs with broad antibacterial activity.
Penicillins
Penicillin derivatives block the enzyme system that is the basis of cell wall formation.The drug has a bactericidal effect.To enhance efficacy, the drug penicillin is combined with clavulanic acid.It inhibits the beta-lactamase system, further promoting the destruction of microbial cell walls.In urology, semi-synthetic representatives of this class with groups "protected" by clavulanic acid are used.The drug may be prescribed to pregnant women if the risk of infection outweighs the risk of toxicity to the fetus.
Cephalosporins
This group is characterized by the fact that the drugs are mainly prescribed not as tablets, but as injections, which guarantee quick results.Antibiotics damage the cell walls of pathogens.Severe and complicated cases of cystitis can be treated with intramuscular cephalosporins.Prescription cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone (third generation drugs with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity).Uncomplicated cystitis in women and men can be treated without injections: tablets of third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics - cefixime, ceftibuten are prescribed.
Phosphonic acid derivatives
Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that has been shown to be effective against cystitis pathogens in clinical studies and practice.The active substance in the tablet is fosfomycin tromethamine.Its molecules inhibit the first stages of microbial cell wall formation.This drug can be successfully used to treat cystitis because the concentration of the drug in the urine is high and persists for 24-48 hours.
Important!When choosing an antibiotic, it is important to focus on the concentration of the active ingredient in the urine.Antimicrobial substances in the urine then reach bactericidal levels.It is also important that medications used to treat cystitis in women have little effect on the vaginal microbiome, as this can increase the risk of cystitis progression or recurrence.
Antibiotic combinations are effective against cystitis (trimethoprim in combination with sulfamethoxazole) even against rare pathogenic microorganisms (Streptococcus saprophyticus).It is important to adhere to the regimen and duration of antibiotic treatment.The duration of treatment can be from 3 to 14 days or even longer, depending on the complexity and severity of the case.
Synthetic urinary septic agents
All synthetic preparations acting on pathogenic microorganisms have good antibacterial activity.However, for the treatment of cystitis, representatives of synthetic urinary sepsis are most often used - drugs that provide maximum concentrations of active substances in the organs of the genitourinary system.
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones are the latest generation of quinolones that inhibit microbial enzymes (DNA gyrase) and have bactericidal effects in cystitis.The drug has a wide range of effects and can even affect microorganisms that are apparently resistant to other antibacterial agents.
High bioavailability, low potential for side effects and good tolerability are the reasons for the frequent use of this group of antibiotics in the treatment of cystitis.
Ciprofloxacin is the most popular tablet in the fluoroquinolone class for UTIs.Its clinical effects have been well studied.You can find such trade names for active substances.
Norfloxacin and levofloxacin are also used to treat cystitis.
Nitrofuran derivatives
In urological practice, the drug "Furagin" is widely used, which is an antibiotic with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.The drug concentration in urine is several times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration against pathogenic microorganisms when treating cystitis.
Nitrofurantoin is the second famous representative of this group.The active ingredient is nitrofurantoin.It is quickly excreted from the urine and begins to act in the genitourinary system 2 to 4 hours after taking it. The proportion of the original drug in the urine is about 45%.This provides good results in the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in men and women caused by aerobic Gram-positive or Gram-negative flora.
Sulfa drugs and their combinations
These synthetic antibiotics were the first chemical alternatives to natural antibiotics.For some time, representatives of the sulfa series have remained in reserve due to the prescription of drugs from other groups.Therefore, the pathogens of infectious cystitis are now sensitive to the effects of sulfa drugs, and the drugs have good efficacy.
Combinations of medications are also often prescribed.Only in this way can better treatment results be achieved.Well-known representatives of the combination drug group include sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim.
The chemical structure of sulfamethoxazole is similar to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which allows the drug to participate in the synthesis of important structural elements of microbial cells.Trimethoprim potentiates the effects of sulfamethoxazole by interfering with folate production.This significantly disrupts the bacterial cell's metabolism and leads to its death.
The drug has a wide range of effects and also produces the necessary levels of active ingredients in the urine to fight infections of the genitourinary system.The course of treatment for simple cystitis is 6 days.Strict compliance with the duration of antibiotic treatment is very important for successful recovery and prevention of recurrence of infection.
Antifungal (antifungal) medicines
Medication may be prescribed if the fungal nature of the cystitis is confirmed or to prevent fungal infections during antibiotic treatment.Candidiasis is one of the common complications of antimicrobial therapy.To prevent or successfully treat it, you need to be prescribed antifungal medications.
For cystitis, medications such as fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole are used.
Selection and use characteristics of urinary tract disinfectants
Patients must remember to take medications strictly as prescribed by their doctor: they cannot stop treatment or change medications on their own.In addition, in order to prevent microorganisms from developing resistance to drugs, urinary tract sepsis must be replaced according to the doctor's prescription during long-term treatment.
Microbial resistance in cystitis develops slowly to ampicillin, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, and nitrofurazone.The rapid development of resistance to tetracyclines, streptomycin and cephalosporins has led to the fact that representatives of this series are practically not used in the treatment of cystitis in modern clinical practice.
Doctors often prescribe combination drugs or multiple drugs at the same time.The combination of furazine with chloramphenicol or sulfonamides, as well as the combination of sulfonamides with chloramphenicol, expands the scope of action of the component drugs for cystitis and enhances the therapeutic effect.
Herbal uroseptics can be used safely and effectively in combination with all known chemicals.They can be used to treat cystitis in women during pregnancy.
Doctors, urologists or nephrologists are often faced with the task of selecting the best urinary tract infection agent to treat a specific case of cystitis.The physician needs to determine the location of the infectious process and, if possible, find out the type of pathogen and its susceptibility to known urinary tract sepsis.Additionally, during the examination, it is important to determine the stage of inflammation and ensure that there are no renal complications.When diagnosing bladder inflammation in women, doctors need to make sure they are not pregnant, as medications may be toxic to the unborn child.
Only after the expert has the answers to all questions can he choose an effective and safe drug - injection or tablet.Self-prescribing drugs with UTI activity for the treatment of cystitis may lead to adverse complications, reduced efficacy, and the development of microbial resistance.